钽TANDIU钽铥
SELF-HOSTING

Self-Hosting LLMs: VRAM & GPU Sizing

VRAM, GPU count and reference hardware prices for running open-weights models yourself.

Data updated: 2026-10-06

DeepSeek V4 Pro

DeepSeek · 1,599B total · 49B active
License / source
DeepSeek open-source license agreementOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 36.0 · LiveBench 71.6Output speed 107.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈3,837 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×80List price $286,149–$381,531Market price $298,071–$417,300
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT8
≈1,919 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈959 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

DeepSeek V4.1 Flash

DeepSeek · 291B total · 13B active
License / source
DeepSeek open-source license agreementOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 39.0 · LiveBench 81.1Output speed 209.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈698 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT8
≈349 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈175 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×4List price $14,307–$19,077Market price $14,904–$20,865
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Kimi K3

Moonshot AI · 2,780B total · 104B active
License / source
Modified MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 44.0 · LiveBench 79.2Output speed 34.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈6,672 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×139List price $497,183–$662,911Market price $517,899–$725,059
Ascend 910B 64GB×105List price n/aMarket price $1,721,363–$1,877,850
INT8
≈3,336 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×70List price $250,380–$333,840Market price $260,813–$365,138
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈1,668 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Kimi K2.7 Code

Moonshot AI · 1,027B total · 32B active
License / source
Modified MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 26.0 · LiveBench 68.4Output speed 90.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈2,465 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT8
≈1,232 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈616 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Kimi K2.6

Moonshot AI · 1,027B total · 32B active
License / source
Modified MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA — · LiveBench 70.5Output speed — tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈2,465 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT8
≈1,232 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈616 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Kimi K2.5

Moonshot AI · 1,027B total · 32B active
License / source
Open-source weight licenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈2,465 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT8
≈1,232 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈616 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

MiniMax M3

MiniMax · 427B total · 23B active
License / source
MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 29.0 · LiveBench 67.3Output speed 88.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈1,025 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT8
≈512 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈256 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

GLM-5.3

Zhipu AI · 753B total · 40B active (est.)
License / source
MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 45.0 · LiveBench 76.1Output speed 71.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈1,808 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT8
≈904 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈452 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

GLM-5.2

Zhipu AI · 753B total · 39B active
License / source
MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA — · LiveBench 73.2Output speed — tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈1,808 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT8
≈904 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈452 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

GLM-5.1

Zhipu AI · 754B total · 40B active
License / source
MIT LicenseOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈1,809 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT8
≈905 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈452 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Hunyuan A13B

Tencent · 80B total · 13B active
License / source
Tencent Hunyuan Open Source License AgreementOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈192 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×4List price $14,307–$19,077Market price $14,904–$20,865
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
INT8
≈96 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×2List price $7,154–$9,538Market price $7,452–$10,433
Ascend 910B 64GB×2List price n/aMarket price $32,788–$35,769
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈48 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×1List price $3,577–$4,769Market price $3,726–$5,216
Ascend 910B 64GB×1List price n/aMarket price $16,394–$17,884
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

GLM-5

Zhipu AI · 754B total · 40B active
License / source
mitOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈1,809 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
INT8
≈905 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈452 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Qwen3.8 2.4T A95B

Alibaba (Qwen) · 2,446B total · 95B active
License / source
Qwen custom open-source license agreement (HF labeled license:other, non-standard OSI protocol, specific terms must be reviewed before use)Official repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 40.0 · LiveBench 0.0Output speed 40.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈5,871 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×123List price $439,954–$586,605Market price $458,285–$641,599
Ascend 910B 64GB×92List price n/aMarket price $1,508,242–$1,645,355
INT8
≈2,935 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×64List price $228,919–$305,225Market price $238,457–$333,840
Ascend 910B 64GB×64List price n/aMarket price $1,049,212–$1,144,594
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈1,468 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×32List price n/aMarket price $524,606–$572,297
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Qwen3.8 27B

Alibaba (Qwen) · 28B total · 28B active
License / source
apache-2.0Official repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 34.0 · LiveBench 75.3Output speed 46.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈67 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×2List price $7,154–$9,538Market price $7,452–$10,433
Ascend 910B 64GB×2List price n/aMarket price $32,788–$35,769
INT8
≈33 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×1List price $3,577–$4,769Market price $3,726–$5,216
Ascend 910B 64GB×1List price n/aMarket price $16,394–$17,884
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈17 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×1List price $3,577–$4,769Market price $3,726–$5,216
Ascend 910B 64GB×1List price n/aMarket price $16,394–$17,884
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Qwen3.8-Flash-Next

Alibaba (Qwen) · 180B total · 6B active
License / source
otherOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈432 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT8
≈216 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈108 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×4List price $14,307–$19,077Market price $14,904–$20,865
Ascend 910B 64GB×2List price n/aMarket price $32,788–$35,769
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Motif 3

Motif Technologies · 315B total · 13B active
License / source
mitOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈756 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT8
≈378 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈189 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×4List price $14,307–$19,077Market price $14,904–$20,865
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

K2 Horizon 375B A23B

IFM(MBZUAI) · 379B total · 23B active
License / source
apache-2.0Official repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈910 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT8
≈455 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈228 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

Nex-N2-Pro

Nex AGI · 397B total · 18B active (est.)
License / source
apache-2.0Official repo →
Public benchmarks
No public benchmark yet
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈952 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT8
≈476 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈238 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →

GLM-5.3-Flash

Zhipu AI · 321B total · 18B active
License / source
mitOfficial repo →
Public benchmarks
AA 42.0 · LiveBench 71.6Output speed 54.0 tok/s
FP16/BF16 (full precision)
≈771 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×32List price $114,459–$152,613Market price $119,229–$166,920
Ascend 910B 64GB×16List price n/aMarket price $262,303–$286,149
INT8
≈386 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×16List price $57,230–$76,306Market price $59,614–$83,460
Ascend 910B 64GB×8List price n/aMarket price $131,151–$143,074
INT4 (AWQ/GPTQ)
≈193 GB VRAM
L20 48GB×8List price $28,615–$38,153Market price $29,807–$41,730
Ascend 910B 64GB×4List price n/aMarket price $65,576–$71,537
Full configuration across 13 GPUs (B300 → RTX 5090D) →
HARDWARE REFERENCE

GPU list vs. market prices

B300 288GB

Top-tier Blackwell card (no official channels to China)
VRAM
288 GB8,000 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Not available
List price
$53,653–$64,383source Dealer quote approximately $50,000–60,000/card (single-card retail, not full system).
Market price
$1,788,429–$2,086,500source Estimated price for single cards on domestic black market/smuggling, low accuracy; public reports indicate that the smuggled price of a full 8-card DGX B300 system continues to surge (approx. ¥7 million in April 2026 → over ¥8 million in June, about 2x US retail price); this is a single-card estimate based on that trend, not a directly quotable public single-card transaction recordCloud rental (live): $9.94–$9.94/hr (2026-10-05)

GB200 192GB (single card equivalent)

Top-tier Blackwell card (no official channels to China)
VRAM
192 GB8,000 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Not available
List price
$29,831–$44,746source Equivalent single-card price based on GB200 NVL72 full-rack quote of $2,000,000–3,000,000 ÷ 72 GPUs; not sold as individual cards.
Market price
$89,421–$178,843source Lack of specific black market reports for GB200 (typically full-rack delivery, difficult to smuggle individual cards); rough extrapolation based on observed black market premium multiples for B200/B300 of the same generation. Accuracy is lower than other entries in this table, for order of magnitude reference only.

B200 180GB

Top-tier Blackwell card (no official channels to China)
VRAM
180 GB8,000 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Not available
List price
n/asource No public single-card purchase price available, only cloud hourly rental rates of $3.70–16.11/GPU-hour.
Market price
$55,888–$65,203source According to June 2026 reports, the domestic black market price for an 8-card B200 rack is approximately ¥3M–3.5M (about 50% premium over normal); single-card equivalent calculated from this.Cloud rental (live): $6.25–$9.38/hr (2026-10-06)

H200 141GB

Top-tier export-controlled card (channels to China are volatile)
VRAM
141 GB4,800 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
—
List price
$30,046–$48,288source Overseas official/channel purchase price approximately $28,000–45,000
Market price
$27,944–$29,062source NVIDIA's compliant quota pricing for China in early 2026 was approximately $27,000/chip (8-chip module approx. ¥1.5M), which is the clearest verifiable transaction price reference for China, not a black market price.Cloud rental (live): $4.21–$5.12/hr (2026-10-06)

H100 SXM5 80GB

Top-tier export-controlled card (no official channels to China)
VRAM
80 GB3,350 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Not available
List price
$37,557–$42,922source Overseas official/integrator price approximately $35,000–40,000; no official sales channels provided for China.
Market price
$50,300–$52,163source Reported price for an 8-card server in the mainland black market in April 2024 was approximately ¥2.7M–2.8M, converted to per-card price; this data predates the timeline on this page, and black market prices fluctuate with export controls. Actual prices may be higher after tighter controls in 2026, for order of magnitude reference only. Compute power rental prices are also available for reference (approx. ¥80,000–90,000/card/month, including rack).Cloud rental (live): $1.79–$4.00/hr (2026-10-06)

H800 SXM 80GB

Top-tier export-controlled card (discontinued)
VRAM
80 GB3,350 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Not available
List price
$36,514–$38,749source Reported price for compliant supply to China in 2023–2024 was approximately $35,000
Market price
$50,300–$52,163source Official channels ceased supply to China after US export controls escalated from October 2026; no specific black market reports independent of H100, estimated based on H100 black market reference prices of the same generation (NVLink interconnect limitations have minimal impact on single-card inference scenarios), for order of magnitude reference only.

H20 96GB

Export-compliant special supply card (significantly reduced compute power)
VRAM
96 GB4,000 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
n/a NVIDIA has not disclosed official public pricing
Market price
$11,923–$16,394source Mainland market prices cited in third-party industry analysis articles.

A800 PCIe 80GB

Compliant special supply card (export compliance status adjusted multiple times)
VRAM
80 GB1,935 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
—
List price
$14,904–$15,500source Initial reported price approx. $14,500
Market price
$10,433–$12,668source According to 2026 reports, the black market price for a five-year-old A100 server (typically 8 cards) reached approximately $82,000, translating to about ¥70,000–85,000 per card; this report is for A100, not exclusively A800, but both are same generation with similar export restrictions, so the price magnitude is for reference only.

Ascend 910B 64GB

Domestic alternative (not subject to US export controls)
VRAM
64 GB400 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
n/asource Huawei has not disclosed public single-card pricing; requires enterprise channel business inquiry
Market price
$16,394–$17,884source Market transaction price estimated by third-party industry analysis, not official figures.

L40S 48GB

Compliant inference card
VRAM
48 GB864 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
$6,707–$9,687source Approximately $6,200–9,000
Market price
$6,707–$9,687source Significant bulk discounts; actual transaction prices are close to official channels.Cloud rental (live): $0.60–$0.82/hr (2026-10-06)

L20 48GB

Compliant inference card
VRAM
48 GB864 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
$3,577–$4,769source Approximately $3,400–4,500
Market price
$3,726–$5,216source Not subject to strict export restrictions; market spot prices are close to official channel prices.

RTX 5090D 24GB

Consumer-grade/small-scale self-built
VRAM
24 GB1,344 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
$3,055–$3,130source From August 5, 2026, AIB manufacturers like ASUS/Gigabyte increased RTX 5090D V2 prices by approximately ¥4,000-4,500 (driven by rising GDDR7 memory costs), with MSRP rising from initial ¥16,499 to approximately ¥20,500-21,000; JD.com's actual listed price during the same period was about ¥20,999 (¥20,579 after discount). Multiple media outlets including IT Home/Tencent News/Sina Tech/Kuaikeji cross-verified the same price increase event (2026-08-05).
Market price
$4,471–$5,961source September 2026 spot/street price: Non-reference cards start at approximately ¥30,000, while turbo/high-end models are ¥34,000-37,000. Cross-verified by September articles from SMZDM and Bilibili's "GPU Daily" quotes from September 7th/10th, prices remain highly volatile; please refer to real-time e-commerce quotes.Cloud rental (live): $0.43–$0.54/hr (2026-10-06)

RTX 4090D 24GB

Consumer-grade/small-scale self-built
VRAM
24 GB1,008 GB/s bandwidth
China availability
Buyable in China
List price
$1,937–$2,832source Initial MSRP approx. ¥10,999–13,000; official channels from approx. ¥12,999 in 2026. Affected by rising GDDR6/6X memory costs (less severe than the 5090D's GDDR7 crisis), channel price has increased to around ¥18,999.
Market price
$3,875–$4,471source In 2026, GDDR memory costs rose across the board, coupled with supply shortages. According to industry articles, the spot price of 4090D on some Chinese e-commerce platforms has reached ¥26,000–30,000, far exceeding its launch price and approaching the gray market level of the original RTX 4090 (non-compliant import); prices are highly volatile, please refer to real-time e-commerce quotes.Cloud rental (live): $0.31–$0.43/hr (2026-10-06)
This is a theoretical estimate, not a purchase recommendation

VRAM = total parameters (B) × bytes per parameter × 1.2 runtime headroom. It covers model weights only, not concurrency or long-context KV cache; leave another 20–30% and load-test before buying. GPU counts use two reference cards (L20 48 GB and Ascend 910B 64 GB) as examples; any GPU of similar VRAM works. For MoE models, active parameters set compute and speed but do not reduce weight VRAM, so sizing uses total parameters; “est.” marks active-parameter counts inferred from sibling releases. Prices are USD converted from CNY at ¥6.71, taken from public reports and re-searched weekly; they swing widely and are indicative only. “Cloud rental (live)” comes from the public vast.ai market API, refreshed daily, and does not reflect China-market purchase prices. TANDIU does not sell or resell hardware.